Introduction to the Book of Ruth

 

Introduction to the Book of Ruth

Overview

The Book of Ruth is one of the most remarkable and heartwarming narratives in the Old Testament. It is the eighth book of the Bible, situated between Judges and 1 Samuel, and is a story of love, loyalty, redemption, and divine providence. The book consists of only four chapters, yet it carries profound theological and moral significance. The story revolves around Ruth, a Moabite woman, and her unwavering commitment to her mother-in-law, Naomi, as well as her eventual marriage to Boaz, a man of integrity and generosity. The Book of Ruth not only showcases God’s providence but also serves as a bridge between the period of the Judges and the monarchy in Israel, as Ruth becomes an ancestor of King David and ultimately of Jesus Christ.

Authorship and Date

The authorship of the Book of Ruth remains uncertain. Jewish tradition attributes it to the prophet Samuel, but there is no definitive evidence to support this claim. Some scholars suggest it was written during the early monarchy, possibly during King David’s reign, while others propose a post-exilic composition during the Persian period (5th century BCE). The narrative style and themes suggest that it was written to offer a theological and moral lesson rather than merely a historical account.

Historical and Cultural Context

The events in the Book of Ruth take place during the time of the Judges, a turbulent period in Israel’s history characterized by social instability, moral decline, and cycles of apostasy and redemption. The setting includes the land of Moab and Bethlehem in Judah, two regions with historical tensions. The Moabites were often in conflict with Israel, and intermarriage between Israelites and Moabites was generally discouraged. However, Ruth’s story defies these cultural and social boundaries, highlighting the inclusivity of God's plan.

Summary of the Book of Ruth

The Book of Ruth is structured into four main chapters, each presenting a significant phase of the story.

Chapter 1: Ruth’s Loyalty to Naomi

The book begins with a tragic scene. A man named Elimelech, along with his wife Naomi and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, leave Bethlehem due to a famine and settle in Moab. Elimelech dies, and later, his sons marry Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. After ten years, both sons die, leaving Naomi widowed and childless. Hearing that the famine in Judah has ended, Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem. She urges her daughters-in-law to stay in Moab and remarry. Orpah reluctantly agrees, but Ruth clings to Naomi and utters the famous words:

“Where you go, I will go; where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God, my God.” (Ruth 1:16)

This declaration of loyalty marks Ruth’s commitment not only to Naomi but also to the God of Israel. The two women return to Bethlehem, where Naomi expresses her deep sorrow and renames herself Mara, meaning “bitter.”

Chapter 2: Ruth’s Encounter with Boaz

Upon arrival in Bethlehem, Ruth takes the initiative to provide for Naomi by gleaning in the fields. Providence leads her to the field of Boaz, a wealthy and kind landowner who happens to be a relative of Naomi’s late husband. Boaz notices Ruth’s diligence and kindness towards Naomi and ensures she is treated well, offering her protection and additional food. He acknowledges her faith and devotion, blessing her with the words:

“May the Lord repay you for what you have done. May you be richly rewarded by the Lord, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge.” (Ruth 2:12)

Ruth returns home with an abundance of grain, and Naomi recognizes Boaz as a “kinsman-redeemer,” someone who has the right to marry Ruth and restore their family’s name.

Chapter 3: Ruth’s Proposal to Boaz

Naomi devises a plan for Ruth to approach Boaz at the threshing floor. Ruth follows Naomi’s instructions and, in an act of humility and submission, lies at Boaz’s feet, symbolizing her request for him to redeem her family by marrying her. Boaz is moved by Ruth’s character and her willingness to seek him rather than younger men. He agrees to marry her but mentions that there is another kinsman who has a closer claim. He assures Ruth that he will resolve the matter honorably.

Chapter 4: Ruth’s Marriage and Legacy

Boaz meets with the elders at the city gate and presents the case of redeeming Naomi’s land. The closer kinsman relinquishes his right, allowing Boaz to marry Ruth. Their union is blessed, and Ruth gives birth to a son named Obed. The women of Bethlehem rejoice, proclaiming that Ruth has been a greater blessing to Naomi than seven sons. Obed becomes the grandfather of King David, establishing Ruth’s place in the messianic lineage.

Themes in the Book of Ruth

1. Faithfulness and Loyalty

Ruth’s steadfast commitment to Naomi reflects true loyalty and faithfulness. Her decision to leave Moab and follow Naomi into an uncertain future demonstrates her deep love and trust in God.

2. Divine Providence

The book emphasizes God’s unseen hand in directing events for the good of His people. From Ruth’s arrival in Boaz’s field to their eventual marriage, every moment is orchestrated by divine guidance.

3. Redemption

Boaz serves as a “kinsman-redeemer,” a foreshadowing of Christ, who ultimately redeems humanity. This theme highlights God’s plan of salvation, extending beyond Israel to include the Gentiles.

4. Inclusivity in God’s Plan

Ruth, a Moabite, becomes an integral part of Israel’s history and even the lineage of Jesus Christ, showing that God’s grace transcends ethnic and cultural barriers.

Theological Significance

The Book of Ruth carries profound theological implications. It reveals God’s sovereignty and care for individuals, even in the midst of personal suffering. Ruth’s story also serves as a precursor to the New Testament’s message of salvation, where Christ, like Boaz, redeems those who seek refuge under God’s wings. Additionally, the book illustrates the role of women in God’s redemptive plan, highlighting their faith and active participation in divine purposes.

Lessons from the Book of Ruth

1. Trust in God’s Providence

Even in difficult times, God is at work, guiding the lives of those who trust in Him. Ruth and Naomi’s journey from loss to restoration is a testament to God’s faithfulness.

2. The Power of Kindness and Integrity

Boaz’s character demonstrates the importance of generosity and righteousness. His actions set an example of how individuals should treat others with kindness and fairness.

3. God’s Love Extends to All

Ruth’s inclusion in Israel’s history exemplifies that God’s kingdom is open to all who seek Him, regardless of their background.

Conclusion

The Book of Ruth is a timeless story of love, loyalty, and redemption. It highlights how God works through ordinary individuals to accomplish His extraordinary purposes. Ruth’s faith and Boaz’s righteousness serve as powerful examples of how trust in God and commitment to others lead to divine blessings. Ultimately, the book points forward to the coming of Jesus Christ, the ultimate Redeemer, who invites all to find refuge under His wings.